Which type of federalism is described as a "marble cake" model?

Cooperative federalism is accurately described as the "marble cake" model because it emphasizes the interconnectedness and overlapping responsibilities of federal, state, and local governments. In this model, various levels of government work together to address complex social issues, blending their functions and resources in a way that makes them less distinguishable from one another, much like the mixed layers of a marble cake.

This style of federalism became particularly prominent during the New Deal era, where federal involvement in state matters increased, and both levels began to collaborate more closely on various programs and policies. In contrast to the "layer cake" model of dual federalism, where responsibilities are seen as separate and distinct, cooperative federalism signifies a partnership approach where the lines between the different levels of government are blurred, allowing for more flexible and responsive governance.